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Abstract Introduction: There are many reasons to believe that the nitric oxide/guanosine 3'5' - cyclic monophosphate (or NO/cGMP) pathway on vasoplegic states is underestimated. To study indigo carmine (IC) as an alternative to methylene blue was the investigation rationale. Methods: The IC (3mg/kg intravenous infusion) study protocol included five experimental groups; 1) Control group — saline was injected at 0 and 10 minutes; 2) IC group — IC was injected at 0 and saline at 10 minutes; 3) compound 48/80 (C48/80) group — C48/80 was injected at 0 minute and saline at 10 minutes; 4) C48/80 + IC group — C48/80 was injected at 0 minute and IC at 10 minutes; and 5) IC + C48/80 group — IC was injected at 0 minute and C48/80 at 10 minutes. The studies were carried out by registering and measuring hemodynamic and blood gasometric parameters, including continuous cardiac output. Results: 1) The effects of the drugs (IC and C48/80) were more evident in the first 20 minutes of recording; 2) hypotensive responses were more pronounced in the C48/80 groups; 3) IC isolated or applied before C48/80 caused transient pulmonary hypertension; and 4) after the first 20 minutes, the pressure responses showed stability with apparent hypotension more pronounced in the C48/80 groups. Clinical observations showed significant hemodynamic instability and catastrophic anaphylactic reactions (agitation, pulmonary hypertension, severe bronchospasm, urticaria, high-intensity cyanosis, violent gastric hypersecretion, and ascites). Conclusion: A global results analysis showed differences between groups only in the first 20 minutes of the experiments.
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Abstract The textile industry demonstrates a polluting potential from the planting of cotton to the release of wastewater. The presence of dyes in water bodies decreases the passage of sun rays and directly affects the photosynthetic organisms and the ecosystem. Fungi have potential in the treatment of wastewater containing dyes with complex organic structures due to enzymes that they produce. This study evaluated the use of Phanerochaete chrisosporium in the treatment of synthetic effluent from textile industry containing indigo carmine (20 mg/L). The fungus was immobilized in a semibatch reactor. Glucose was the cosubstrate employed in the experiment and it was used in the system at 1g/L at the beginning of the process and 0.5 g /L after 24 hours of reaction. Average dye removal was 84±10% and chemical oxygen demand removal was 79±14%. For nitrogen compounds, the removal efficiencies were 87±11%, 81±11% and 91±9% for ammonia, nitrite and nitrate, respectively. The pH of the medium remained in the acidic range (2.57 to 5.00) throughout the process, with the lowest values recorded in the effluent of each cycle, justified by the release of organic acids from fungi metabolism. There was contamination of the medium by bacteria (710,000 CFU/mL), but the colonies count showed a predominance of fungi (1,365,000 CFU/mL). With the use of the semibatch system after reading of glucose it was observed that the efficiency of dye removal evolved from 72±17% to 84±10%, producing a final effluent with 3.35±1.99 mg/L of indigo, which proves that treatment configuration analyzed is satisfactory for dye removal.
Subject(s)
Phanerochaete , Environmental Restoration and Remediation , Glucose , Indigo CarmineABSTRACT
RESUMO O desempenho dos polímeros condutores dos corantes azoicos durante a detecção eletroquímica de indigo-carmim foi investigado do ponto de vista teórico, sendo o modelo, correspondente ao caso, descrito e analisado mediante a teoria de estabilidade lineal e da análise de bifiircações. Foi mostrado que o sistema eletroanalítico depende fortemente do pH, pois as concentrações excessivas dos prótons levam à ineficiência eletroanalítica, haja vista o bloqueio dos centros ativos da reação. No entretanto, malgrado o supracitado, os polímeros dos corantes azoicos são modificadores eficientes para determinação do indigo-carmim. A possibilidade das instabilidades oscilatória e monotônica também foi verificada.
SUMMARY The function of the conducting polymers of azo-dyes during the indigo-carmine electrochemical detection has been investigated from the theoretical point of view. The correspondent model has been described and analyzed by means of linear stability theory and bifurcation analysis. It has been shown that the electroanalytical system depends strongly on pH, as the excessive protons concentrations drive the system to the electroanalytical inefficiency, as they block the reaction active sites. Nevertheless, despite of the mentioned, the azo-dyes conducting polymers are efficient modifiers for indigo-carmine electrochemical determination. The possibility of oscillatory and monotonic instabilities has also been verified.
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Abstract Purpose To evaluate the effects of treatment with Indigo Carmine (IC) on rat livers subjected to ischemia-reperfusion injury. Methods The animals were subdivided into 4 groups: 1.SHAM group(SH) - saline; 2.SHAM group with IC-2mg/Kg(SHIC); 3.IR group - rats submitted to ischemia and reperfusion with saline(IR); 4.IR group with IC-2mg/Kg(IRIC). The IR protocol consists of liver exposure and administration of drug or saline intravenously, followed by 60 minutes of ischemia and 15 of reperfusion. Liver samples were collected for biochemical analysis. Results State 3 of mitochondrial respiration showed a significant worsening of the IRIC group in relation to all others. State 4 showed a difference between IRIC and SHIC. The Respiratory Control Ratio showed statistical decrease in IR and IRIC versus Sham. The osmotic swelling showed significant difference between SHxIR; SHICxIRIC and SHxIRIC. There was a significant increase in ALT in the IRIC group in relation to all the others. Concerning the nitrate dosage, there was a decrease in the group treated with IC(IRxIRIC). There was no difference regarding the dosage of Malondialdehyde. Conclusion IC was not able to protect mitochondria from IR injury and proved to be a potentiating agent, acting in synergy with the IR injury promoting damage to the hepatocyte membranes.
Subject(s)
Animals , Male , Rats , Reperfusion Injury/prevention & control , Reperfusion Injury/drug therapy , Indigo Carmine/therapeutic use , Ischemia/prevention & control , Ischemia/drug therapy , Aspartate Aminotransferases , Rats, WistarABSTRACT
The use of water hyacinth's dried matter (Eichhornia crasippes) as a support matrix for nano-MnO2 and its application for the removal of indigo carmine RIC) was studied. Different pretreatment processes were tested and results indicated that an acid-alkali pretreatment is an efficient method to binding nanoparticles RNPs) to cellulosic matrix. In adittion, the MnO2 NPs were synthesized by sonochemical reduction of MnO4- using different methods Rultrasonic horn system, ultrasonic bath and reaction with ethanol), where the influence of the precursor concentration was observed. The synthesized material was further characterized by ATR-IR, AAS, XRD, SEM, nitrogen isotherms adsorption, EDS, and pHpzc. The IC removal capacity of the nanostructured material, the chemical nature of the degradation products and the effect of various parameters Rtemperature, pH, initial IC concentration, among others) were explored in water samples.
Se estudió el uso de la materia seca del jacinto de agua (Eichhornia crassipes) como matriz-soporte para nano-MnO2 y su eficiencia en la eliminación de índigo carmín RIC). Se ensayaron diferentes procesos de pretratamiento y los resultados indicaron que un tratamiento previo ácido-alcalino es un método eficiente para unir las nanopartículas (NPs) a la matriz celulósica. Así mismo, las NPs de MnO2 se sintetizaron por reducción sonoquímica de MnO4- utilizando diferentes métodos Run sistema emisor de ultrasonido, baño de ultrasonido y reacción convencional con etanol como medio). El material sintetizado se caracterizó por ATR-IR, AAS, DRX, SEM, isotermas de adsorción de nitrógeno, EDS y pHpzc. Se exploró la capacidad de eliminación de IC por parte del material nanoestructurado y la naturaleza química de los productos de degradación en muestras acuosas. Se analizó el efecto de diversos parámetros tales como temperatura, pH, concentración inicial de IC, entre otros.
Foi estudada a utilização de matéria seca de jacinto de água (Eichhornia crassipes) como matriz de suporte para nano-MnO2 e sua aplicação para a remoção de índigo carmine RIC). Diferentes processos de prétratamento foram testados e os resultados indicaram que o prétratamento ácido-álcali é um método eficiente para ligar os NPs à matriz celulósica. Além disso, as NPs de MnO2 foram sintetizados por redução sonoquímica de MnO4- utilizando diferentes métodos (um sistema emissor de ultrassom, banho de ultrassom e a reacção com o etanol). O material sintetizado foi caracterizado por ATR-IR, AAS, DRX, SEM, isotermas de adsorção de nitrogênio, EDS e pHpzc. A facilidade de remoção de IC por o material nanoestruturado e a natureza química da degradação dos produtos foram explorados em amostras aquosas, assim mesmo foi estudado o efeito de vários parâmetros Rtemperatura, pH, concentração inicial de IC e a quantidade de nanocompósito, entre outros).
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Objetivo: Evaluar la concordancia diagnóstica entre dos pruebas: alfa microglobulina placentaria tipo 1 (PAMG-1) frente a factor de crecimiento similar a la insulina tipo 1 (IGFBP-1), en pacientes con diagnóstico incierto de ruptura de membranas. Materiales y métodos: Estudio de concordancia diagnóstica, de corte transversal, en mujeres embarazadas que consultaron con sospecha clínica de ruptura de membranas al Hospital Universitario San Vicente Fundación de Medellín (HUSVF), entre agosto del 2014 a diciembre de 2015, en quienes se compararon dos pruebas diagnósticas para determinar ruptura de membranas. Se excluyeron las pacientes en trabajo de parto avanzado. Se estimó la concordancia en el resultado de las pruebas respecto a la presencia o no de ruptura de membranas a través del índice de Kappa. Resultados: De 83 pacientes, 27,7 % dieron positivas para ruptura prematura de membranas (RPM) con la prueba PAMG-1 (Amnisure) y 28,9 % con la IGFBP-1 (Actim-Prom); el único caso dispar resultó positivo a la amnionfusión con índigo de carmín. La concordancia entre ambas pruebas fue de 0,97. Conclusión: La IGFBP-1 demostró un desempeño similar a la PAMG-1 para el diagnóstico de ruptura de membranas.
Objective: To assess diagnostic concordance between placental alpha macroglobulin-1 (PAMG-1) and insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 1 (IGFBP-1) tests in patients with uncertain diagnosis of rupture of membranes. Materials and methods: Diagnostic concordance cross-sectional study in pregnant women with clinical suspicion of rupture of membranes seen at Hospital Universitario San Vicente Fundación de Medellín (HUSVF) between August 2014 and December 2015, in whom two diagnostic tests for the diagnosis of rupture of membranes were compared. Patients in advanced labour were excluded. Concordance of test results was estimated in terms of the presence or not of ruptured membranes, using the Kappa Index. Results: Of 83 patients, 27.7 % were positive for rupture of membranes when the PAMG-1 (Amnisure) was used and 28.9 % were positive with the IGFBP-1 (Actim-Prom) test; the only case of disparity was positive to amniotic infusion of indigo carmine. Concordance between both tests was 0.97. Conclusion: The performance of IGFBP-1 was similar to that of PAMG-1 for diagnosing rupture of membranes.
Subject(s)
Female , Pregnancy , Adult , Fetal Membranes, Premature Rupture , PregnancyABSTRACT
Objective To assess whether FICE or IC is more effective at detecting colonic diseases.Method We searched PubMed, CINAHL, CQVIP and the Cochrane Library databases for relevant papers published between January 2008 and August 2013 using the following keywords: lfexible spectral imaging color enhancement, indigo carmine, colonoscope, colonic lesions, colon tumor and chromoendoscopy. We included eight articles, and all data were subdivided for analysis.Results We used odds ratios (OR
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Objective To explore the approaches to improve the detection of early gastric and precancerous lesions for basic level hospi-tals. Methods The 72 patients with abnormal gastric mucosa observed by gastroscope arranged with pathology after acetic acid-indigo car-mine dyeing were considered as the dyeing group, and 68 patients with abnormal gastric mucosa observed by gastroscope directly arranged with pathology were considered as the control group. The dyeing conditions of gastric mucosa were observed and compared to pathology detec-tion. The detection rate of early gastric cancer and precancerous lesions in the two groups were compared. Results After acetic acid-indigo carmine dyeing, there were 16. 7% of demonstrated discoloration, 63. 9% of poor dyeing, and 14. 3% of even dyeing. The detection rate of early gastric cancer and high grade intraepithelial neoplasia in patients with mucosa discoloration (91. 7%) was obviously higher than that in patients with poor dyeing (8. 6%) or even dyeing (0. 0%). The detection rate of low grade intraepithelial neoplasia or intestinal metaplasia in patients with poor dyeing (82. 6%) was obviously higher than that in patients with mucosa discoloration (8. 3%) or even dyeing (14. 3%). The detection rate of early gastric cancer and precancerous lesions in dyeing group (13. 9%,63. 9%) was obviously higher than that in control group (2. 9%,29. 4%). Conclusion The acid-indigo carmine dyeing could increase the diagnosis of early gastric cancer and precancerous lesions in basic level hospital. It is adaptable to extend approach in basic level hospital for its low cost and simple operation.
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Objective To investigate the significance of chromoendoscopy with acetic acid and indigo carmine dye in the diagnosis of early gastric neoplasia and precancerous lesion.Methods After conventional electronic endoscopic diagnosis,From 2011 fanuay to 300 patients of suspicious lesions were randomly divided into endoscopic dye group and control group,each was 150 cases.Patients of endoscopic dye group were directly performed biopsy after acetic acid and indigo carmine dye,while in control group were performed biopsy after only indigo carmine dye.Results In the endoscopic dye group,16 early neoplasia (10.7％),15 severe atypical hyperplasia (10.0％),79 moderate atypical hyperplasia or Intestinal metaplasia (52.7％) and 40 chronic gastritis were found.In the control group,5 early neoplasia (3.3％),10 severe atypical hyperplasia (6.7％),42 moderate atypical hyperplasia or Intestinal metaplasia(28.0％) and 93 chronic gastritis were found.Early gastric cancer and precancerous lesion detection rate of endoscopic dye was significantly higher than that of the control group,and the difference was statistically significant (P ＜ 0.001).After samples were stained with acetic acid and indigo carmine dye,the image of the mucosa of early cancer and severe atypical hyperplasia were faded mucosa,and the image of moderate atypical hyperplasia and Intestinal metaplasia was dyed asymmetrical.Chronic gastritis and normal mucosa was showed dyed equality.Conclusion Chromoendoscopy with acetic acid and indigo carmine dye improve the detection rate of early gastric cancer and precancerous lesion,thereby of high application value.
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Spontaneous bloody nipple discharge from a single duct is a significant clinical problem. When performing preoperative marking of the discharging duct, it is sometimes difficult to identify the duct owing to intermittent discharge. Precise preoperative marking of the discharging duct and intraductal lesions is very important to avoid unnecessary wide excision of breast tissue or failure to remove the cause of nipple discharge. We herein present a case of preoperative ultrasound-guided indigo carmine staining in a patient with no discharge on the day of surgery. When a dilated duct is visualized on ultrasound, the targeted duct can be localized using indigo carmine staining, and it is possible to perform a precise minimal volume microdochectomy.
Subject(s)
Humans , Breast , Indigo Carmine , Nipples , UltrasonographyABSTRACT
Intradermal injections of indigo carmine for sentinel node mapping are considered safe and no report of an adverse reaction has been published. The authors described two cases of profound hypotension in women that underwent breast-conserving surgery after an intradermal injection of indigo carmine into the periareolar area for sentinel node mapping.
Subject(s)
Female , Humans , Breast Neoplasms , Hypotension , Indigo Carmine , Indoles , Injections, Intradermal , Mastectomy, Segmental , Nitriles , Pyrethrins , Sentinel Lymph Node BiopsyABSTRACT
Indigo carmine (sodium indigotindisulfonate) is a safe, biologically inactive blue dye routinely administered intravascularly during urologic and gynecologic procedures to localize the ureteral orifices and to identify severed ureters and fistulous communications. We report a case of hypotension, cardiac arrest, and cerebral ischemia after the administration of indigo carmine in a patient under total laparoscopic hysterectomy.
Subject(s)
Humans , Brain Ischemia , Heart Arrest , Hypotension , Hysterectomy , Indigo Carmine , Indoles , UreterABSTRACT
ObjectiveTo evaluate Fuji intelligent color enhancement (FICE) chromoendoscopy for diagnosis of early gastric cancer. MethodsFrom February 2010 to March 2011 ,a total of 67 patients with suspected gastric mucosal lesions were enrolled in this study. The lesions were observed with magnifying endoscopy, FICE, magnifying chromoendoscopy and indigo-carmine-magnifying-chromoendoscopy.Suspected gastric mucosal pit patterns and microvascular morphology were compared. Targeted biopsy was performed on suspected locations. Sensitivity, specificity and pathological consistency were compared between the 3 procedures. ResultsOut of 67 patients, 17 were diagnosed as having early gastric cancer.There was no difference among magnifying endoscopy, FICE magnifying chromoendoscopy and indigo-carmine-magnifying-chromoendoscopy in pit pattern findings,however, FICE magnifying chromoendoscopy was superior to other 2 procedures in displaying capillary loop. The sensibility, specificity and pathological accordance rate of FICE magnifying chromoendoscopy were 94. 1％ ( 16/17 ), 98. 0％ (49/50) and 97.0％(65/67), which were higher than those of the magnifying endoscopy [58.8％ ( 10/17), 84％ (42/50)and 77.6％ ( 52/67 )] ( P ＜ 0. 05 ), and were not different from those of indigo-carmine-magnifying-chromoendoscopy [88.2％ (15/17), 96％ (48/50) and 94.0％ (63/67)] (P ＞0.05). Conclusion FICE magnifying chromoendoscopy provides rather clear images of gastric mucosa and intrapapillary capillary, thereby improving the accuracy of endoscopic biopsy and then imporving the diagnosis rate of early gastric cancer.
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Indigo carmine has been used for eight decades with few adverse effects. Several of our patients, however, experienced severe hypotensive episodes after indigo carmine administration within a period of one month. Analysis of the raw materials used to formulate the preparation of indigo carmine we used showed that they contained impurities. Following recall of these impure materials, none of our patients experienced further hypotensive episodes.
Subject(s)
Humans , Hypotension , Indigo Carmine , IndolesABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: The intravenous administration of indigo carmine has been reported to produce transiently increased blood pressure in patients. The goal of this in vitro study was to examine the effect of indigo carmine on phenylephrine-induced contractions in an isolated rat aorta and to determine the associated cellular mechanism with particular focus on the endothelium-derived vasodilators. METHODS: The concentration-response curves for phenylephrine were generated in the presence or absence of indigo carmine. Phenylephrine concentration-response curves were generated for the endothelium-intact rings pretreated independently with a nitric oxide synthase inhibitor, Nomega-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME), a cyclooxygenase inhibitor, indomethacin, and a low-molecular-weight superoxide anion scavenger, tiron, in the presence or absence of indigo carmine. The fluorescence of oxidized dichlorofluorescein was measured in rat aortic vascular smooth muscle cells cultured in the control, indigo carmine alone and tiron plus indigo carmine. RESULTS: Indigo carmine (10(-5) M) increased the phenylephrine-induced maximum contraction in the endothelium-intact rings with or without indomethacin, whereas indigo carmine produced a slight leftward shift in the phenylephrine concentration-response curves in the endothelium-denuded rings and L-NAME-pretreated endothelium-intact rings. In the endothelium-intact rings pretreated with tiron (10(-2) M), indigo carmine did not alter phenylephrine concentration-response curves significantly. Indigo carmine (10(-5) M) increased the fluorescence of oxidized dichlorofluorescein in the vascular smooth muscle cells, whereas tiron abolished the indigo carmine-induced increase in oxidized dichlorofluorescein fluorescence. CONCLUSIONS: Indigo carmine increases the phenylephrine-induced contraction mainly through an endothelium-dependent mechanism involving the inactivation of nitric oxide caused by the increased production of reactive oxygen species.
Subject(s)
Animals , Humans , Rats , 1,2-Dihydroxybenzene-3,5-Disulfonic Acid Disodium Salt , Administration, Intravenous , Aorta , Blood Pressure , Contracts , Fluorescence , Indigo Carmine , Indoles , Indomethacin , Muscle, Smooth, Vascular , Nitric Oxide , Nitric Oxide Synthase , Phenylephrine , Prostaglandin-Endoperoxide Synthases , Reactive Oxygen Species , SuperoxidesABSTRACT
Indigo carmine forms a stable complex with different ions, and the stability constant of the complexes were evaluated as log K equal to 5.75; 5.00; 4.89 and 3.89 for complexes with Cu(II), Ni(II), Co(II) and Zn(II) ions, respectively, in 0.1 mol L-1 carbonate buffer solution at pH 10. The interaction between Cu(II) ions and indigo carmine (IC) in alkaline medium resulted in the formation of the Cu2(IC) complex, measured by the spectrophotometric method, with a stoichiometric ratio between indigo carmine and metal ions of 2:1 (metal-ligand). The reported method has also been successfully tested for determination of copper in pharmaceutical compounds based on copper-gluconate without pre-treatment.
Índigo carmim forma complexos estáveis com diferentes íons e a constante de estabilidade dos complexos foi avaliada como log K igual 5,75; 5,00; 4,89 e 3,89, respectivamente, para os complexos com os íons Cu(II), Ni(II), Co(II) e Zn(II) em solução tampão carbonato 0,1 mol L-1, pH 10. A interação entre o íon Cu(II) e índigo carmin (IC) em meio alcalino resultou na formação do complexo Cu2(IC) monitorado por método espectrofotométrico, com razão estequiométrica entre o índigo carmim e o íon metálico de 2:1 (metal-ligante). O método relatado também tem sido testado com sucesso para determinação de cobre em compostos farmacêuticos à base de cobre-gliconato sem qualquer pré-tratamento.
Subject(s)
Copper , Food Coloring Agents/adverse effects , Indigo Carmine , Organometallic Compounds , Spectrophotometry/methods , Isotopes , Titrimetry/methodsABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: The selection of blue dye or technetium radioisotope depends on the surgeon? experience or the availability of the center in sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB). The purpose of this study is to evaluate the possibility of clinical usage of indigo carmine in SLNB in breast cancer. METHODS: From the July 2001 to the March 2004, 93 consecutive cases of Tis - T2 breast cancers without palpable axillary lymph nodes were enrolled to the SLNB. After usual preparation for the breast conserving surgery or mastectomy, the patients were intradermally injected with 5 ml of indigo carmine around the subareolar area. After 4 minutes has passed, usual axillary incision of breast conserving surgery was made, and the stained lymphatics were followed to the firstly encountered lymph nodes. The dissected nodes were sent to the department of pathology for frozen and permanent sections. After SLNB, axillary lymph node dissections (ALND) were completed regardless of the result of the frozen section. RESULTS: The identification rate of SLNB using Indigo carmine was 97.8% (91/93). The axillary node metastases on complete ALND were 21 cases. 18 cases were detected with SLNB, and 3 cases were falsely reported as negative on SLNB. 11 cases had metastases in the sentinel nodes only (52.4%). Among the 3 false negative cases, one case had axillary metastasis solely in a node in level III (infraclavicular node). The sensitivity of the test was 85.7% (18/21), and the specificity was 100% (70/70). False negative rate was 9.5% (2/21), and negative predictive value was 95.9% (70/73). CONCLUSIONS: Sentinel node biopsy using indigo carmine showed similar identification rate and false negative rate with other blue dye only methods including isosulfan blue. Because indigo carmine is more available and safe than isosulfan blue, it could be an alternative to isosulfan blue.
Subject(s)
Humans , Biopsy , Breast Neoplasms , Breast , Frozen Sections , Indigo Carmine , Lymph Node Excision , Lymph Nodes , Mastectomy , Mastectomy, Segmental , Neoplasm Metastasis , Pathology , Sensitivity and Specificity , Sentinel Lymph Node Biopsy , TechnetiumABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: The selection of blue dye or technetium radioisotope depends on the surgeon? experience or the availability of the center in sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB). The purpose of this study is to evaluate the possibility of clinical usage of indigo carmine in SLNB in breast cancer. METHODS: From the July 2001 to the March 2004, 93 consecutive cases of Tis - T2 breast cancers without palpable axillary lymph nodes were enrolled to the SLNB. After usual preparation for the breast conserving surgery or mastectomy, the patients were intradermally injected with 5 ml of indigo carmine around the subareolar area. After 4 minutes has passed, usual axillary incision of breast conserving surgery was made, and the stained lymphatics were followed to the firstly encountered lymph nodes. The dissected nodes were sent to the department of pathology for frozen and permanent sections. After SLNB, axillary lymph node dissections (ALND) were completed regardless of the result of the frozen section. RESULTS: The identification rate of SLNB using Indigo carmine was 97.8% (91/93). The axillary node metastases on complete ALND were 21 cases. 18 cases were detected with SLNB, and 3 cases were falsely reported as negative on SLNB. 11 cases had metastases in the sentinel nodes only (52.4%). Among the 3 false negative cases, one case had axillary metastasis solely in a node in level III (infraclavicular node). The sensitivity of the test was 85.7% (18/21), and the specificity was 100% (70/70). False negative rate was 9.5% (2/21), and negative predictive value was 95.9% (70/73). CONCLUSIONS: Sentinel node biopsy using indigo carmine showed similar identification rate and false negative rate with other blue dye only methods including isosulfan blue. Because indigo carmine is more available and safe than isosulfan blue, it could be an alternative to isosulfan blue.
Subject(s)
Humans , Biopsy , Breast Neoplasms , Breast , Frozen Sections , Indigo Carmine , Lymph Node Excision , Lymph Nodes , Mastectomy , Mastectomy, Segmental , Neoplasm Metastasis , Pathology , Sensitivity and Specificity , Sentinel Lymph Node Biopsy , TechnetiumABSTRACT
This study was undertaken to prove that the selectively infiltrated parts of nucleus pulposus with indigo carmine was degenerated parts of nucleus pulposus. This study was done, between August and October 2002, in 5 patients, who received endoscopic discectomy, due to intervertebral disc herniation. Discogram was done with mixture of indigo carmine and radioactive dye. Blue discolored part was removed through endoscope, and small undiscolored part was removed together for the control. The two parts were stained with hematoxylin and eosin and compared under the microscope. Undiscolored part was normal nucleus pulposus, composed of chondrocytes with a matrix of type II collagen and proteoglycan, mainly aggrecan. However, in discolored part, slits with destruction of collagen fiber array and ingrowth of vessel and nerve were observed. Using indigo carmine in endoscopic discectomy gives us selective removal of degenerated disc.
Subject(s)
Humans , Chondrocytes/metabolism , Collagen Type II/metabolism , Comparative Study , Diskectomy/methods , Endoscopy , Indigo Carmine , Intervertebral Disc/metabolism , Intervertebral Disc Displacement/diagnosis , Proteoglycans/metabolism , Sensitivity and SpecificityABSTRACT
Sentinel Node Biopsy (SNB) is beneficial for reducing axillary functional impairment and lymphedema due to extended lymph node dissection. We used the Indigo Carmine dye instead of radioisotope, since it can simplify the complicated multistep identifying procedures and has economic benefit because it requires no radioisotope detection equipment. The operation for small breast cancer is continuously changing from a modified radical mastectomy to various type of breast conserving operations. Among these we performed a partial mastectomy with rotation flap using remnant breast tissue (RFB). This method needs small operation field, so we could reduce trauma to the patient, shorten the operation time, and use natural blood supplies and tissues without destructing other organ structures. The cosmetic effect is desirable to Korean women considering their relatively small breast size as to that of western people. In SNB, 5cc indigocarmine was injected intradermally just around main lesion. Sentinel node was able to be identified easily if a proper dose was used. Its approach was achieved in 15 to 20 minutes. Partial mastectomy (quadrantectomy) was done with cancer free margins. Rotation flap which is covering the defect included as much breast tissue as possible sparing the nipple areolar complex. Sentinel node biopsy and rotation flap brought out both satisfactory cosmetic result and cost effective outcome, so this breast conserving method is recommendable to small breast cancers.